Review on trypanosomiasis and their prevalence in some country on the Red Sea / Avaliação da tripanossomíase e sua prevalência em alguns países do mar Vermelho

Trypanosomiasis is a protozoan infection affecting both human and animals in almost all parts of the world. It can affect a very large range of domestic and wild hosts including camelids, equines, cattle, buffaloes, sheep, goats, pigs, dogs and other carnivores, deer, gazelles and elephants. This review paper was designed to address the effect of this economically important disease in countries on the Red Sea, especially in Egypt, Sudan, Somalia, and Saudi Arabia during the period 2010 to 2020. The prevalence of trypanosomiasis is different between these countries due to different types of diagnostic methods (Giemsa-stained blood smears, Hematocrit centrifugation, Serological test, and molecular analysis PCR) used and differential distribution of vector (Tse tse) flies. In current review, retrospective studies of published literature on distribution and prevalence of Trypanosoma evansi infection in the Red Sea Countries was conducted [Google Scholar and PubMed were used to retrieve the published literature from 2000-2020. A total of 77 published articles met the eligibility criteria and were reviewed. A total of 16 reports have been reported on the prevalence and distribution of Trypnosoma evansi infection in the Red Sea Countries have been from 2010-2020]. According to the published literature, we can say that trypanosomiasis in camels are more prevalent in Sudan than in other countries, followed by 17% and 51.78% in both clinical and non-clinical cases. Hence, the reliable diagnostic tests should be used for rapid treatment or control of the disease as if not treated appropriately in early-stage, can lead to death of the camels.

A tripanossomíase é uma infecção por protozoário que afeta humanos e animais em quase todas as partes do mundo. Pode afetar grande variedade de hospedeiros domésticos e selvagens, incluindo camelídeos, equinos, gado, búfalos, ovelhas, cabras, porcos, cães e outros carnívoros, veados, gazelas e elefantes. Este artigo de revisão foi elaborado para abordar o efeito dessa doença economicamente importante em países do mar Vermelho, especialmente Egito, Sudão, Somália e Arábia Saudita, durante o período de 2010 a 2020. A prevalência de tripanossomíase é diferente entre esses países devido a tipos distintos de métodos diagnósticos (esfregaços de sangue corados com Giemsa, centrifugação de hematócrito, teste sorológico e PCR de análise molecular) usados e distribuição diferencial de moscas vetoras (tsé-tsé). Na revisão atual, foram realizados estudos retrospectivos da literatura publicada sobre distribuição e prevalência da infecção por Trypanosoma evansi nos países do mar Vermelho [Google Scholar e PubMed foram usados para recuperar a literatura publicada de 2000 a 2020. Um total de 77 artigos publicados preencheu os critérios de elegibilidade e foi revisado. E há também 16 relatos sobre a prevalência e distribuição da infecção por Trypnosoma evansi nos países do mar Vermelho, de 2010 a 2020]. De acordo com a literatura publicada, podemos afirmar que a tripanossomíase em camelos é mais prevalente no Sudão do que em outros países, seguida por 17% e 51,78% em casos clínicos e não clínicos. Assim, os testes diagnósticos confiáveis devem ser utilizados para o tratamento rápido ou controle da doença, pois, se eles não forem tratados de forma adequada na fase inicial, isso pode levar à morte dos camelos.

Application of lectins for detection of glycomic differences in the epididymal duct in water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) and dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) / Aplicación de lectinas para la detección de diferencias glucómicas en el conducto epididimario en búfalos de agua (Bubalus bubalis) y dromedarios (Camelus dromedarius)

SUMMARY: The present study was conducted to detect the differences in glycohistochemical features in the epididymal duct of the dromedary camel and the water buffalo. Epididymal sections (caput, corpus and cauda) from both species were stained with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) conjugated lectins. Binding sites for five lectins (DBA, GSA-1, HPA, PNA and WGA) have been found in both species. The binding sites of different lectins showed significant variations in the pattern of distribution in both a species. This included both species-specific and region-specific order. Additionally, only three (GSA-1, PNA and WGA) out the five lectins studied exhibited binding sites in all epididymal regions in both species. The other two lectins (DBA and HPA) followed the same order recorded for the other three (GSA-1, PNA and WGA) in buffalo, but failed to show any binding sites in cauda epididymis in camel. In conclusion, the variable regional and species-specific distribution features of lectins revealed that both species have diverse glycomic characteristics that may be related to their different reproductive patterns. However, the glycome-associated functional capacities remain obscured and need further profound investigations.

RESUMEN: El presente estudio se realizó para detectar las diferencias en las características glicohistoquímicas del conducto epididimal del dromedario y el búfalo de agua. Las secciones del epidídimo (cabeza, cuerpo y cola) de ambas especies se tiñeron con lectinas conjugadas con isotiocianato de fluoresceína (FITC). Se encontraron sitios de unión para cinco lectinas (DBA, GSA-1, HPA, PNA y WGA) en ambas especies. Los sitios de unión de diferentes lectinas mostraron variaciones significativas en el patrón de distribución en ambas especies. Esto incluía tanto el orden específico de la especie como el específico de la región. Además, solo tres (GSA-1, PNA y WGA) de las cinco lectinas estudiadas exhibieron sitios de unión en todas las regiones del epidídimo en ambas especies. Las otras dos lectinas (DBA y HPA) siguieron el mismo orden registrado para las tres restantes (GSA-1, PNA y WGA) en búfalos, pero no mostraron ningún sitio de union en la cola del epidídimo en camellos. En conclusión, las características de distribución regionales y específicas de especies variables de las lectinas revelaron que ambas especies tienen características glucómicas diversas que pueden estar relacionadas con sus diferentes patrones reproductivos. Sin embargo, las capacidades funcionales asociadas con el glicoma permanecen desconocidas y requieren mayor investigación.

Synergy in penicillin, cephalosporin, amphenicols, and aminoglycoside against MDR S. aureus isolated from Camel milk

Abstract This study investigated the synergy testing of penicillin, cephalosporin, amphenicols, and aminoglycoside in the camel milk (n=768 samples), subsequently used for isolation of MDR S. aureus targeting mecA gene. Antibiotic susceptibility of S. aureus showed >90% isolates were sensitive to ciprofloxacin and trimethoprim and resistant against oxacillin, ampicillin, and cefoxitin. Further, 50-85% of the S. aureus were sensitive to gentamicin, oxytetracycline, and chloramphenicol and resistant against cefotaxime, vancomycin, and cefixime. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of cefotaxime, (C) and ampicillin (A) in combination with gentamicin (G) was reduced by 99.34% and 70.46%, respectively, while with chloramphenicol (Ch), reduction was 57.49% and 60%, respectively. In addition, the Fractional Inhibitory Concentration Index (FICI) of G+A, Ch+C and Ch+G combinations showed synergy against 80%, 60%, and 30% of MDR S. aureus, respectively. Similarly, C+A and Ch+G displayed indifferent interaction against 70 % and 30% of isolates, respectively, while the later showed additive interaction against 10% of MDR S. aureus. Altogether, our results described effective combination of gentamicin and chloramphenicol with ampicillin and cefotaxime to combat MDR S. aureus

The distribution and function of aquaporin 1 and 2 along the kidney in different species / Distribución y función de la acuaporina 1 y 2 a lo largo del riñón en diferentes especies

SUMMARY: Water metabolism in kidney is critical for organisms living in arid environments. In this study, the kidney structure and the expression of AQP1 and AQP2 in Phrynocephalus vlangalii and Camelus bactrianus were studied. It was found that the Phrynocephalus vlangalii has fewer renal corpuscle but developed kidney tubules, and AQP1 and AQP2 were mainly expressed in the kidney tubules. Camelus bactrianus has a large diameter of glomerulus, thick bulbar membrane, and long and dense urinary tract. AQP1 was highly expressed in the proximal convoluted tubule, proximal straight tubule, and Ansa nephroni (Henle´s loop), and AQP2 was also highly expressed in the collecting tubule and distal convoluted tubule. In the long-term evolutionary adaptation, the morphological structure of animal kidney is consistent with its environment. In addition to structural and functional adaptation, aquaporin also participates in the adaptation to water scarcity environment, and may also play a key role.

RESUMEN: El metabolismo del agua en los riñones es fundamental para los organismos que viven en ambientes áridos. En este estudio, se estudió la estructura renal y la expresión de AQP1 y AQP2 en Phrynocephalus vlangalii y Camelus bactrianus. Se encontró que Phrynocephalus vlangalii tiene menos corpúsculos renales. pero desarrolló túbulos renales, y AQP1 y AQP2 se expresaron principalmente en los túbulos renales. Camelus bactrianus tiene un glomérulo de gran diámetro, una membrana bulbar gruesa y un tracto urinario largo y denso. AQP1 se expresó en gran medida en el túbulo contorneado proximal, el túbulo recto proximal y el Ansa nephroni o asa nefrónica (asa de Henle), y AQP2 también se expresó en gran medida en el túbulo colector y el túbulo contorneado distal. A largo plazo, en la adaptación evolutiva la estructura morfológica del riñón animal es coherente con su entorno. Además de la adaptación estructural y funcional, la acuaporina también es parte de la adaptación al entorno de escasez de agua y puede desempeñar un papel clave.

The architecture of alveolar capillaries in the lungs of bactrian camels (Camelus bactrianus) / Arquitectura de los capilares alveolares de pulmones de camellos bactrianos (Camelus bactrianus)

SUMMARY: The Bactrian camel, which is native to China and Mongolia, is large in size and is an even-toed ungulate species. The double humps on the Bactrian camel back differentiate it from the dromedary camel, which has a single hump. This species has adapted to unsuitable conditions (lack of food and water) in the Gobi Desert and is advanced in unique anatomical and physiological characteristics during a prolonged evolution period. Several studies have been conducted on the anatomical features of the Bactrian camel, but none have given attention to the alveolar capillaries of the Bactrian camel lung. Therefore, the current study aims to explore the architecture of the alveolar capillary in the Bactrian camel lung and further explain the mechanism of blood flow in its lung. The current study extracted and examined the architecture of the alveolar capillary in the lung of the Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) and further explained the mechanism of blood flow by performing lung casting and replica scanning electron microscopy methods. The reports showed that the resources of the alveolar-capillary originated from the capillaries of the subpleural space or interlobular septulum, sometimes originating from the precapillary arterioles or directly from the terminal arterioles. The alveolar capillaries anastomosed and formed a single layer of dense, basket-like network surrounding the alveolus. The mash diameter of the alveolar-capillary network was larger than that of the capillary, and the appearance of the mash was oval and elliptical. Many of the collapsed alveolar-capillary networks were found in the alveolar microvascular architecture in the lung of the Bactrian camel. The study found that, due to many collapsed alveoli in the Bactrian camel lung, the disproportional pressure between the pulmonary alveoli induced less imbalance of blood flow in the alveolar capillary, which affected the gas exchange efficiency. Therefore, the function of the anastomosing capillary branch was likely to regulate the blood flow between the alveolar-capillary network.

RESUMEN: El camello bactriano, es originario de China y Mongolia, es de gran tamaño y es una especie de ungulado de dedos pares. Las dobles jorobas del lomo del camello bactriano lo diferencian del dromedario, que tiene una sola joroba. Esta especie se ha adaptado a condiciones inadecuadas (falta de alimento y agua) en el desierto de Gobi y ha avanzado en características anatómicas y fisiológicas únicas durante un período de evolución prolongado. Se han realizado varios estudios sobre las características anatómicas del camello bactriano, pero ninguno ha prestado atención a los capilares alveolares del pulmón de este animal. Por lo tanto, el presente estudio tuvo como objetivo principal explorar la arquitectura del capilar alveolar en el pulmón del camello bactriano y explicar el mecanismo del flujo sanguíneo. A partir de nuestro trabajo se examinó la arquitectura del capilar alveolar en el pulmón del camello bactriano (Camelus bactrianus) mediante la realización de métodos de microscopía electrónica de barrido y escaneo pulmonar. Los informes mostraron que los recursos del alvéolo-capilar se originaban en los capilares del espacio subpleural o del tabique interlobulillar y a veces se originaban en las arteriolas precapilares o directamente en las arteriolas terminales. Los capilares alveolares se anastomosaban y formaban una densa red de capa única en forma de cesta que rodeaba el alvéolo. El diámetro del macerado de la red alveolar-capilar era mayor que el del capilar y el aspecto del macerado era ovalado y elíptico. Muchas de las redes alvéolo-capilares colapsadas se encontraron en la arquitectura microvascular alveolar en el pulmón del camello bactriano. El estudio encontró que, muchos alvéolos colapsados en el pulmón del camello bactriano, la presión desproporcionada entre los alvéolos pulmonares inducía un menor desequilibrio del flujo sanguíneo en el capilar alveolar, lo que afectaba la eficiencia del intercambio de gases. Por lo tanto, la función de la rama capilar anastomosante probablemente regularía el flujo sanguíneo entre la red alveolar-capilar.

Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in Dromedary camels ( Camelus dromedarius ) from Saudi Arabia / Soroprevalência de Toxoplasma gondii e Neospora caninum em camelos dromedário (Camelus dromedarius) da Arábia Saudita

Abstract Serological screening of 199 serum samples from Dromedary camels—from different cities in Saudi Arabia—was performed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detecting antibodies against two cyst-forming coccidian parasites, namely Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum. Antibodies against T. gondii were detected in 68 (34.2%) samples, while those against N. caninum were present in 33 (16.6%) samples. The highest seroprevalence of T. gondii antibodies was reported in samples from Taif (51.2%), while the lowest seroprevalence was reported in samples from Riyadh and Hofuf (15.1%). The highest seroprevalence of N. caninum antibodies was reported in samples from Jizan (35.9%) while the lowest was reported in samples from Taif (2.4%). A total of 47 male and 21 female camels exhibited antibodies against T. gondii , while 19 male and 14 female camels showed antibodies against N. caninum . Concurrent detection of both T. gondii and N. caninum antibodies was observed in 18 camels. It has been demonstrated that T. gondii and N. caninum antibodies are prevalent in camels from different cities of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Resumo A triagem sorológica para a detecção de anticorpos para Toxoplasma gondii e Neospora caninum no camelo dromedário foi realizada investigando 199 amostras de soro coletadas em diferentes cidades da Arábia Saudita. As amostras foram testadas utilizando imunoensaios enzimáticos para a detecção de anticorpos de ambos os parasitas coccídeos formadores de cistos (Laboratórios IDEXX, Bommeli Diagnostics, AG, Berna, Suíça). Anticorpos contra T. gondii foram detectados em 68 (34,2%) amostras, enquanto 33 (16,6%) apresentaram anticorpos contra N. caninum. A maior soroprevalência de anticorpos contra T. gondii (51,2%) foi relatada em Taif, enquanto a menor soroprevalência (15,1%) foi relatada em Riyadh e Hofuf. A maior soroprevalência de anticorpos contra N. caninum foi relatada em Jizan (35,9%), enquanto a menor foi em Taif (2,4%). Um total de 47 machos e 21 fêmeas revelou anticorpos para T. gondii , enquanto 19 machos e 14 fêmeas revelaram anticorpos para N. caninum . A detecção de ambos os anticorpos contra T. gondii e N. caninum foi de 18 indivíduos. Foi demonstrado que os anticorpos contra T. gondii e N. caninum são predominantes em camelos de diferentes cidades do Reino da Arábia Saudita.

Morphological configuration and topography of the brain arterial supply of the one-humped camel ( Camelus dromedarius, Linnaeus 1758) / Configuración morfológica y topografía del suministro arterial del encéfalo del camello de una joroba ( Camelus dromedarius, Linnaeus 1758)

This study investigated the anatomy of the arteries of the brain, including the arterial circle of the brain, its branches and junctions, in five camel (Camelus dromedarius, Linnaeus 1758) following intravascular injection of colored latex via common carotid artery. The course and distribution of the arterial supply to the brain was described and morphological analysis was made. The basilar artery contributed to the blood supply of the brain in the camel in contrast to the situation in other Artiodactyla order.

En presente estudio se analizó la anatomía de las arterias del encéfalo en cinco camellos (Camelus dromedarius, Linnaeus 1758). Después de administrar una inyección intravascular de látex coloreado en la arteria carótida común se estudiaron las arterias incluyendo al círculo arterial del cerebro, sus ramas y uniones. Fueron descritos en detalle el curso y la distribución del suministro arterial al encéfalo y se realizó un análisis morfológico. La arteria basilar contribuyó al suministro de sangre del encéfalo del camello, diferenciando este aspecto en otras especies de Artiodactyla.

Vesicles stage of camel brain development / Etapas del desarrollo de las vesículas cerebrales del camello

A successive embryonic developmental study was conducted on the brain of twenty eight embryos and fetuses of one humped camel (Camelus Dromedarius), whose crown vertebral rump lengths (CVRL) ranged from 9 to 80 mm, collected from the El-Basateen (Cairo) and Belbees (ElSharqya) Slaughterhouse. The current investigation revealed that camel brain was found to consist of fore, mid and hind brains. The fore brain is divided into telencephalon and diencephalon while the rhombencephalon divided into metencephalon and myelencephalon. Flexures appeared between the vesicles are cervical flexure between the rhomencephalon and the spinal cord, cephalic flexure in the mesencephalon and pontine flexure between the metencephalon, and the myelencephalon of the hind brain (rhombencephalon). The cavity of the rhombencephalon is the fourth ventricle, while that of the diencephalon is the third ventricle, and those of the telencephalon are the lateral ventricles but that of mid brain is the cerebral aqueduct. myelencephalon becomes medulla oblongata and metencephalon developed to pons and cerebellum while mesencephalon gives rise to the cerebral crura and anterior and a posterior colliculus. Diencephalon gives the thalamus, hypothalamus, mamillary body, infundibulum and pineal body while telencephalon becomes the cerebral hemispheres and corpus striatum.

Se llevó a cabo un estudio del desarrollo embrionario cerebral de veintiocho embriones y fetos de camello jorobado (Camelus dromedarius). Las muestras fueron recolectadas en los mataderos de El-Basateen (El Cairo) y Belbees (ElSharqya). La investigación reveló que el cerebro de camello posee un cerebro anterior, medio y posterior. El cerebro anterior se divide en telencéfalo y diencéfalo, mientras que el rombencéfalo se divide en metencéfalo y mielencéfalo. Las flexiones encontradas entre las vesículas son la flexión cervical entre el rombencéfalo y la médula espinal; la flexión cefálica en el mesencéfalo; y la flexión pontina entre el metencéfalo y el mielencéfalo del cerebro posterior (rombencéfalo). La cavidad del rombencéfalo conforma el cuarto ventrículo, la del diencéfalo forma el tercer ventrículo, y las del telencéfalo a los ventrículos laterales. En el cerebro medio, la cavidad corresponde al acueducto cerebral. El mielencéfalo se convierte en médula oblonga y el metencéfalo deriva en puente y cerebelo, mientras que el mesencéfalo da lugar a la crura cerebral y a los colículos anterior y posterior. El diencéfalo origina el tálamo, el hipotálamo, el cuerpo mamilar, el infundíbulo y la hipófisis, mientras que del telencéfalo se originan los hemisferios cerebrales y el cuerpo estriado.

In-vitro evaluation of Nigella sativa and Punica granatum effect on protoscolices of hydatid cysts / Avaliação in vitro do efeito de Nigella sativa e Punica granatum em protoescólices de cistos hidáticos

Abstract Cystic echinococcosis (CE) are commonly found in the liver and lungs of affected hosts. The treatment approach is usually surgical, or giving drugs in conjunction before surgery to kill protoscolices, to avoid anaphylactic shock from leakage of hydatid fluid into the peritoneum and to decrease opportunities for recurrences. The present study was to evaluate the in vitro scolicidal efficacy of hydroalcoholic extract of Punica granatum peel and Nigella sativa, on the protoscolices of CE that collected from the lungs of infected camels. Different concentrations of extracts with different exposure times were used and a viability assay was applied to measure the scolicidal effect. N. sativa showed its highest scolicidal efficacy at 100 mg/mL and 10 mg/mL concentrations after 30 and 60 min. P. granatum peel extract showed its maximum scolicidal efficacy at 100 mg/mL concentration after 120 min. All experiments of the current study revealed that the extracts of both N. sativa and P. granatum had a scolicidal effects on the protoscolices of camel hydatid cysts. It could be concluded that N. sativa extract is more potent than P. granatum peel extract regarding scolicidal effect, but the efficacies of both extracts were of moderate significant correlation to exposure time and concentrations.

Resumo Os cistos hidáticos (equinococose cística, CE) são comumente encontrados no fígado e nos pulmões dos hospedeiros afetados. A abordagem do tratamento geralmente é cirúrgica, e algumas drogas são administradas em conjunto antes da cirurgia para matar protoscólices e evitar choque anafilático devido ao vazamento de fluido hidático no peritônio e diminuir as oportunidades de recorrência. O presente estudo foi avaliar a eficácia in-vitro do extrato hidroalcoólico de casca de Punica granatum e Nigella sativa, sobre os protoescólices de cistos hidáticos, que foram coletados dos pulmões de camelos infectados. Concentrações dos extratos com diferentes tempos de exposição foram utilizados e um ensaio de viabilidade foi aplicado para medir o efeito escolicida. A N. sativa apresentou sua maior eficácia escolicida nas concentrações de 100 mg/mL e 10 mg/mL após 30 e 60 min. O extrato de casca de P. granatum mostrou sua máxima eficácia escolicida na concentração de 100 mg/mL após 120 min. Todos os experimentos do presente estudo revelaram que os extratos de N. sativa e P. granatum tiveram efeito escolicida dependente da dose e do tempo nos protoescólices dos cistos hidáticos de camelo. Pode-se concluir que o extrato de N. sativa é mais potente que o extrato de casca de P. granatum em relação ao efeito escolicida, mas a eficácia de ambos os extratos foi de correlação significativa moderada com o tempo de exposição e as concentrações.

Sedative, analgesic, behavioral and clinical effects of intravenous nalbuphine-xylazine combination in camels (Camelus dromedarius)

This study examined the sedative, analgesic, behavioral, and clinical effects of a combination of xylazine (XY) and nalbuphine-xylazine (NA-XY) in camels. A total of five adult camels were used in a prospective randomized cross-over design with a wash out period of two weeks. Camels were allocated randomly to two treatment groups: the XY group (xylazine, 1.1mL/100 kg IV) and the NA-XY group (xylazine, 1.1mL/100 kg IV and nalbuphine, 1 mg/kg IV). The sedative, analgesic, behavioral, and clinical effects of XY and NA-XY combination were evaluated prior to administration (baseline) and at 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, and 120 minutes post-administration. The results showed that the NA-XY combination accelerates the onset of sedation and analgesia and prolongs the durations of both sedation (p < 0.001) and analgesia (p < 0.01). The behavioral parameters showed higher scores with a NA-XY combination than xylazine alone. Although a XY injection resulted in a significant decline in the heart and respiratory rate, the NA-XY combination group revealed a non-significant change in both clinical parameters compared to the baseline. In conclusion, the use of a NA-XY combination in camels improved the sedative and analgesic onset and duration with an improved outcome in the behavioral scores, as well as in both the heart and respiratory rates compared to XY alone.

Effects of CYP1A enzyme specific inhibitor on pharmacokinetics of para-acetaminophen in Bactrian camel

The effects of CYP1A enzyme on the pharmacokinetics of p-acetaminophen were studied in Bactrian camel. Twelve Bactrian camels were divided into 2 groups, then given a single dose of p-acetaminophen only or with the enzyme inhibitor lomefloxacin. Blood samples were collected after different intervals, and p-acetaminophen concentration was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Pharmacokinetic parameters were analyzed by Phoenix WinNonLin v.7.0. The results show that lomefloxacin can significantly inhibit Bactrian camel CYP1A enzyme, as evidenced by the prolonged elimination half-life, increased maximum plasma concentration and area under the curve values and the shortened time to peak concentration for p-acetaminophenol in the substrate with inhibitor group. The results lay a foundation for revealing the particular characteristics of the CYP1A enzyme in Bactrian camels.

Evolutionary relationship analysis of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus 4a and 4b protein coding sequences

The 4a and 4b proteins of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) have been described for their antagonism on host innate immunity. However, unlike clustering patterns of the complete gene sequences of human and camel MERS-CoVs, the 4a and 4b protein coding regions did not constitute species-specific phylogenetic groups. Moreover, given the estimated evolutionary rates of the complete, 4a, and 4b gene sequences, the 4a and 4b proteins might be less affected by species-specific innate immune pressures. These results suggest that the 4a and 4b proteins of MERS-CoV may function against host innate immunity in a manner independent of host species and/or evolutionary clustering patterns.

Morphology and ultrastructure of the hypophysis in bactrian camels ( Camelus bactrianus ) / Morfología y ultraestructura de la hipófisis en camellos bactrianos ( Camelus bactrianus )

The morphology of the hypophysis in Bactrian camel has not been described in the literature, despite it being the master of endocrine organs in vertebrates. In the present study, we examined the morphological features of the hypophysis in Bactrian camel by means of gross anatomy, light and electron microscope. Our findings showed that the gland was a protrusion of the bottom of the hypothalamus at the base of the brain with about 1.54 g in weight and 2 cm3 in volume. The hypophysis consists of two major parts: fully developed adenohypophysis and underdeveloped neurohypophysis, the adenohypophysis consists of pars distalis and pars intermedia. Seven type cells of the pars distalis could be distinguished with immunohistochemical techniques and electron micrographs: somatotroph, mammotroph, thyrotroph, corticotroph, gonadotroph, chromophobe and stellate cells which is in accordance with most mammals. Notably, the stellate cells could be obviously distinguished from chromophobe cells in histological oberservation. Moreover, the corpusculum neurosecretorium (Herring bodies) were rare in the external neurohypophysis, and mainly distributed in the internal neurohypophysis, this was different from most mammals. Results from this study would provide a necessary theoretical basis for ongoing investigations for Bactrian camels and their good adaptability in arid and semi-arid circumstances.

La morfología de la hipófisis en el camello bactriano no ha sido descrita en la literatura, a pesar de ser el maestro de los órganos endocrinos en los vertebrados. En el presente estudio, examinamos las características morfológicas de la hipófisis del camello bactriano por medio de anatomía general, microscocopía de luz y microscopía electrónica. Nuestros hallazgos mostraron que la hipófisis es una protuberancia ubicada en la porción inferior del hipotálamo, en la base del cerebro, con aproximadamente 1,54 g de peso y 2 cm3 de volumen. La hipófisis consta de dos partes principales: adenohipófisis, completamente desarrollada, y neurohipófisis, poco desarrollada; además, la adenohipófisis consta de una pars distalis y una pars intermedia. Con técnicas inmunohistoquímicas y micrografías electrónicas en la pars distalis se pudieron distinguir siete tipos de células: somatotrofas, mamotróficas, tirotrofas, corticotrofas, gonadotrofas, cromófobas y estrelladas, lo que es similar a la mayoría de los mamíferos. En la observación histológica las células estrelladas se pueden distinguir naturalmente de las células cromófobas. Además, es rara la presencia de corpusculum neurosecretorium (Cuerpos de Herring) en la neurohipófisis externa, hallándose distribuidos principalmente en la neurohipófisis interna, esto es diferente a lo encontrado en la mayoría de los mamíferos. Los resultados de este estudio proporcionarían una base teórica necesaria para las investigaciones en curso de los camellos bactrianos y su buena adaptabilidad en circunstancias áridas y semiáridas.

Expression of aquaporin 2, aquaporin 3 and aquaporin 4 in renal medulla of Bactrian camel ( Camelus bactrianus ) / Expresión de acuaporina 2, acuaporina 3 y acuaporina 4 en la médula renal del camello bactriano ( Camelus bactrianus )

SUMMARY: Aquaporins (AQPs) are members of the aquaporin water channel family that play an important role in reabsorption of water from the renal tubular fluid to concentrate urine. Using immunohistochemical staining on paraffin sections, We studied expression of AQP2, AQP3 and AQP4 in renal medulla of Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus). The renal medulla of cattle (Bos taurus) acted as the control. Compared with the control, strong expression of AQP2 was observed at the apical plasma membrane and intracellular vesicles, in both the outer medullary collecting duct (OMCD) and the inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD) of camel. Strong expression of AQP3 was observed at the basolateral plasma membrane of the IMCD of camel. Strong AQP4 expression, however, was observed at the basolateral plasma membrane in the OMCD of camel. Moreover, moderate AQP4 expression was detected in endothelium of capillary in medullary region of camels, whereas very weak/absent expression was detected in endothelium of capillary of cattle. We concluded that expression of AQP2, AQP3 and AQP4 in the camel kidney showed some differences from cattle in renal trans-epithelial water transport. It may enhance our better understanding of special water metabolism mechanisms that enable camels to survive in extreme environments.

RESUMEN: Las acuaporinas (AQP) son miembros de las proteínas de transporte que desempeñan un papel importante en la reabsorción de agua del líquido tubular renal para concentrar la orina. Estudiamos la expresión de AQP2, AQP3 y AQP4 en la médula renal del camello bactriano (Camelus bactrianus) usando tinción inmunohistoquímica en secciones de parafina. La médula renal del bovino (Bos taurus) se usó como control. En comparación con el control, se observó una fuerte expresión de AQP2 en la membrana plasmática apical y vesículas intracelulares tanto en el conducto colector medular externo (CCME) como en el conducto colector medular interno (CCMI) del camello. Se observó una fuerte expresión de AQP3 en la membrana plasmática basolateral del CCMI del camello. También se observó una expresión fuerte de AQP4 en la membrana plasmática basolateral en el CCME de camello. Además, se detectó una expresión moderada de AQP4 en el endotelio de los capilares en la región medular de los camellos, mientras que en el endotelio de los capilares del bovino se detectó una expresión muy débil. Concluimos que la expresión de AQP2, AQP3 y AQP4 en el riñón de camello mostró algunas diferencias con el bovino en el transporte trans-epitelial de agua renal. El estudio podría mejorar nuestra comprensión de los mecanismos especiales del metabolismo del agua que permiten a los camellos sobrevivir en ambientes extremos.

Family cluster of MERS in Saudi Arabia

During the period from 17 May 2018 to 2 June 2018, Saudi Arabia reported a family cluster of Middle East respiratory syndrome [MERS] comprising of 11 laboratory confirmed cases with no death in Najran, in the southwest part of the country. The index case had a history of direct contact with camels and consumption of raw camel milk, with a date of onset of symptoms on 17 May 2018

Childhood diabetes in India

This review describes the epidemiology of childhood diabetes in India. It focuses on the incidence and prevalence of type 1 diabetes and its complications and comorbid conditions. The review also covers data related to type 2 diabetes, glucose intolerance, and monogenic diabetes from India. A brief discussion regarding unique contributions from India to the world literature is included. The topics discussed include use of camel milk as adjuvant therapy in type 1 diabetes, relevance of the A1/A2 hypothesis, and comprehensive clinico-etiopathological classification of type 1 diabetes.

Evidence of ongoing brucellosis in livestock animals in North West Libya

Animal brucellosis is thought to be present in small ruminants, cattle, and camels in Libya, particularly in the west coastal strip. Before the system collapsed due to political unrest in 2011, prevalence of the disease did not exceed 0.2% in cattle, 0.1% in camels, 8.3% in sheep, and 14.8% in goats. The aim of this study was to highlight outbreaks of disease that took place during the 18-month period from November 2014 to April 2016. A total of 1612 serum samples, collected opportunistically from 29 herds in 12 different localities in the northwest region of Libya, were investigated for brucellosis. The samples were screened for Brucella antibodies using the Rose Bengal test, and confirmed with either indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay in the case of sheep, and/or a serum agglutination test, followed with a complement fixation test, in the case of cattle and camels. Our results showed the highest rates of brucellosis seropositivity in goats [33.4%] and sheep [9.2%]. The overall percentage of brucellosis seropositivity was 21%. The high level of brucellosis identified by this study, particularly in small ruminants, strongly suggests re-emergence of the disease in the region. Re-evaluation of intervention measures applied to the control of brucellosis is highly recommended

Expression of neuronal and non-neuronal markers in the vomeronasal organs of one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) and Egyptian water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) / Expresión de marcadores neuronales y no neuronales en los órganos vomeronasales del camello jorobado y el búfalo egipcio de agua

Fourteen vomeronasal organs (VNOs) of adult males one-humped camels (Camelus dromedarius) and Egyptian water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) (n=7/each) were examined immunohistochemically with neuronal markers; synaptophysin (SYP) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) to clarify the distribution of the vomeronasal (VN) receptor cells and nerve fibers, in addition to elucidate the existence of non-neuronal elements via S-100 and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). In both animals, the VNO was lined medially with VN sensory (olfactory) epithelium and non-sensory (respiratory) epithelium laterally. Immunohistochemically, both animals showed SYP immunolabeling only in the receptor cells of VN sensory epithelium while GFAP labeled the ensheathing cells of the nerve fibers of VNOs. Both S-100 and eNOS labeled non-neuronal elements of the VNO; the supporting cells of sensory epithelium and the VN glands. In view of these observations, we postulate that the VNOs of both animals contain various cells populations that express several neuronal and non-neuronal markers. As well as, SYP and GFAP are suggested as markers for receptor cells and ensheathing cells of nerves of the VNOs respectively. However, no clear differences can be detected in the expressions of neuronal and non-neuronal markers in VNOs of camel and buffalo since they are ruminant species.

En este estudio fueron examinados 14 órganos vomeronasales (OVN) de machos adultos de camellos de una joroba (Camelus dromedarius) y búfalos egipcios de agua (Bubalus bubalis) (n = 7 / cada uno) por inmunohistoquímica con marcadores neuronales, sinaptofisina (SIP) y proteína ácida fibrilar glial (PAFG), para identificar la distribución vomeronasal (VN) del receptor de células y fibras nerviosas, además de dilucidar la existencia de elementos no neuronales a través de S-100 y óxido nítrico sintasa endotelial (ONSe). En ambos animales, el OVN se encuentra alineado en sentido medial con el epitelio sensorial (olfato) y lateralmente con el epitelio no sensorial (respiratorio). En el estudio inmunohistoquímico, ambos animales mostraron marcadores inmunológicos solamente en las células receptoras del epitelio sensorial VN, mientras que la proteína ácida fibrilar glial marcaba las fibras nerviosas de OVN. Tanto el S-100 como la óxido nítrico sintasa endotelial, marcaron elementos no neuronales del OVN, las células de revestimiento del epitelio sensorial y las glándulas VN. En relación a estas observaciones, se postula que los OVN de ambos animales contienen células que expresan varios marcadores neuronales y no neuronales. SIP y la PAFG se sugieren como marcadores para células receptoras y las células gliales de nervios del OVN, respectivamente. Sin embargo, debido a que son especies de rumiantes, no existen diferencias claras que se puedan detectar en las expresiones de los marcadores neuronales y no neuronales en el OVN de camello y búfalo.

Immunohistochemical study of aquaporin 1 and 2 in the reproductive tract of the bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) / Estudio inmunohistoquímico de acuaporina 1 y 2 en el tracto reproductivo del camello bactriano (Camelus bactrianus)

Spermatogenesis is associated with considerable fluid secretion or absorption in the male reproductive tract. Aquaporins (AQPs) are membrane protein channels that allow the rapid movement of water through epithelium. In the present study, immunohistochemistry was utilized to localize the expression of AQP 1, AQP2 in the testis and prostate of adult bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus). Results show that AQP1 have intense reaction in rete testis, efferent ducts, vessels, seminiferous duct and in the prostate, AQP2 was found minor expression in the rete testis, vessels and prostate, which suggesting that AQP1 may have the main role in the absorption of the large amount of testicular fluid in male camel reproductive tract. Investigations of AQPs biology in camel could be relevant with technologies for assisted procreation in animal husbandry and aquaculture.

La espermatogénesis se asocia con la secreción de una cantidad considerable de líquido o absorción en el tracto reproductor masculino. Las acuaporinas (ACPs) son canales de proteínas de membrana que permiten el movimiento rápido de agua a través del epitelio. En el presente estudio, se utilizó inmunohistoquímica para localizar la expresión de ACP 1, ACP2 en el testículo y la próstata del camello bactriano adulto (Camelus bactrianus). Los resultados muestran que ACP1 tiene una reacción intensa en la rete testis, conductos eferentes, vasos, conductos seminíferos y en la próstata. La expresión ACP2, de menor importancia, se observó en la rete testis, vasos y próstata, lo que sugiere que ACP1 puede tener el papel principal en la absorción de gran cantidad de líquido testicular en el tracto reproductivo masculino del camello. Las investigaciones de la biología del ACP en camello podrían ser relevantes para las tecnologías de reproducción asistida de la ganadería y la acuicultura.

Morphometric study of the rostral epidural rete mirabile in the dromedary (Camelus dromedarius, Linnaeus 1758) / Estudio morfométrico de la rete mirabile epidural rostral en el dromedario (Camelus dromedarius, Linnaeus 1758)

In camels, the rostral epidural rete mirabile had a spongy appearance, and consisted of a dense network of anastomosing arteries occupying the entire cavity of the cavernous sinus. In this study, we measured the length of each rostral epidural rete mirabile lobe, taken between the rostral and the caudal roots dissected in situ before spreading and after reconstitution, and the total length of the rostral epidural rete mirabile after linear reconstitution. The length of the left lobe of the rete was 6.0±0.4 mm and the length of the right lobe was 5.8 ± 0.5 mm. The combined length of the RERM after separation of the arteries was 305.2±9.7 cm. To conclude, we added information to literature in relation to morphometry of the camel RERM and showed this interesting structure with photographic documentation of dissections with latex injection in arterial and venous vessels.

En los camellos, la rete mirabile epidural rostral (RMER) tenía una apariencia esponjosa y consistía en una densa red de arterias anastomosadas que ocupaban toda la cavidad del seno cavernoso. En este estudio se midió la longitud de cada lóbulo epitelial rostral de la rete mirabile, tomado entre las raíces rostral y caudal, disecadas in situ, antes de su propagación y después de la reconstitución, como así también la longitud total de la rete mirabile epidural rostral tras la reconstitución lineal. La longitud del lóbulo izquierdo de la rete mirabile fue de 6,0±0,4 mm y la longitud del lóbulo derecho fue de 5,8±0,5 mm. La longitud combinada del RMER después de la separación de las arterias fue de 305,2±9,7 cm. Para concluir, se agregó información de la literatura en relación con la morfometría del RMER de camellos y se mostró esta interesante estructura con documentación fotográfica de disecciones con inyección de látex en vasos arteriales y venosos.